Operations Management †Toyota Essay

Introduction Toyota is the leading manufacturer of automobiles in the World today. Looking back at the history of Toyota, the company was on the brink of bankruptcy by the end of 1949, however Toyota has successfully gained the status of number one car manufacturer in the World and has held onto that status even though Toyota has faced massive hurdles over the past 5 years. A major factor to the success of Toyota is due to effective Quality Management in the form of company practices that have been replicated all over the World by major organisation’s to date. Toyota engages a stringent management system based on founding principles of operations management and excellence, such as the Toyota Production System (TPS). By spearheading such programmes, Toyota has enjoyed substantial growth and worldwide success. Throughout this assignment I shall explore the importance of Toyota’s operations management schemes and measure the relative success of the overall strategic managements objectives. 1.1 The Importance of effective operations management in achieving organizational objectives of Toyota as a leading manufacturer and supplier of automobiles? Operations Management can be simply defined as the function of effectively and efficiently managing the process of production and business operations both internally and externally. A simple definition however does not do justice for the broad scope that encompasses operations management and the vital role it plays in making an organisation successful and competitive in today’s market. Companies that employ a successful operations management programme have strategic planning, tactical input and operational success. Companies that do not utilise this operations function face difficulties in market trend short sightedness and lack of competitive edge that can ultimately result in a decline of customers, loss of market share and eventual closure of the company. Operations management as a key strategy can be implemented through all facets of a company, from the front end of the company dealing with the customers, to the process side of the company dealing with developing a product or offering a service. To effectively engage operations management, is to maintain operations excellence, which in turn is the function of remaining consistent and never dropping below that set platform of quality. Toyota was a relatively unknown entity when it opened its first car dealership in the US in 1957, some 5 decades later it is the Worlds No. 1 automobile manufacturer. Toyota has achieved this greatly in part due to the successful operations management practices pioneered in the organisation. These practices can be seen as a benchmark for excellence and success. Such practices, as the world renowned Toyota Production System or TPS have become a way of life in the organisation. The TPS philosophy is to provide the best quality, lowest cost and shortest lead-time through the elimination of waste. The TPS incorporates an urge for effectiveness within the organisation, this has in turn driven Toyota’s success, by making Toyota effective in understanding it’s customers needs and efficiently and effectively catering for those needs. Corporate goals have trickled down throughout the company being driven by a revolutionary Toyota Production System that has secured an efficient f low of productivity from Toyota’s supply chain, to manufacturing and subsequently catering for the customers needs on both quality and value. This has given Toyota a competitive edge over other car manufacturers and has been a driving force behind its success. Once an effective quality management system is in place, it is important to maintain and improve on it, Toyota successfully does this through a process called â€Å"Kaizen.† Kaizen which literally means â€Å"Change† and â€Å"Good† is the process of breaking apart the current situation, analysing it and quickly putting it back together, in a better way, i.e. a change for good. With the Kaizen philosophy working hand in hand with the TPS, Toyota has been able to further reduce â€Å"Waste† and improve on company processes making the organisation more efficient, more effective and more competitive. Kaizen also encourages employees to be free thinkers, which is part of a decentralised management process that encourages innovation. Kaizen constantly determines new ways to improve on processes, be it in the manufacturing facility, supply chain, identifying market trends or administration processes, kaizen as an operations management function has helped Toyota become a leading manufacturer. Another technique that can be attributed to successful strategic operations management and is a major contributor to the company’s success is the offensive strategy applied by Toyota. Toyota is a long-term planner, not necessarily responding to quarterly numbers, but rather pioneering the technological advances. A good example of this is with the Toyota Prius Hybrid, which when it was launched in 2000, the price of fuel was still reasonable comparably to todays terms. This far sightedness has guaranteed Toyota success and earned them an image of being a pioneer of Green initiatives and helped them stay one step ahead of the competition. It is fair to say that Toyota’s massive success over the past few decades is due to a constant belief in strong management principles and the continuous advancement of these principles, innovation and strategic alignment. These principles all fall under effective operations management and if it wasn’t for Toyota’s continuous strive for strategic alignment, then the company would not be as successful as it is today. 1.2 Critically evaluate the success of existing operations management processes in meeting Toyota’s overall strategic management objectives To date, we can see that the overall effect of the operations management processes in place at Toyota is a very positive one. Toyota has become the Worlds number 1 automobile manufacturer greatly due to the processes and company principles implemented through operations management. The decentralised management philosophy has paved the way for free thinkers, innovation and has kept Toyota ahead of the game. The â€Å"Just in time† principle, one of the pillars of TPS has helped Toyota maintain a healthy production load and not overburdened itself with excess stock, therefore helping Toyota focus revenue on other streams. The principle of Kaizen has pushed Toyota to always seek to better itself and be more effective. These principles implemented by operations management can be seen in the â€Å"Global Vision Statement† of Toyota. Global Vision â€Å"Toyota will lead the way to the future of mobility, enriching lives around the world with the safest and most responsible ways of moving people. Through our commitment to quality, constant innovation and respect for the planet, we aim to exceed expectations and be rewarded with a smile. We will meet our challenging goals by engaging the talent and passion of people, who believe there is always a better way.† Toyota’s goals are clearly defined in the Global Vision statement above (www.toyota.com). Toyota has in most respects met that global visions statement and maintained it through the operations management processes in place. That is the rosy side to the knock on effects of Toyota’s operation management programmes, however, there is a downside too. Toyota, being famous for cost cutting initiatives but not at the expense of quality may have taken their own philosophy too far. In 2006 and 2007 Toyota faced a problem that they believed they would never face, a problem with quality. Toyota had to recall millions of cars due to faulty components. This came in the wake of massive earnings from profitable years before the problem occurred. These profits however were earned at the expense of cost cutting techniques and expanding too fast to manage the demand meeting the stringent Toyota quality standards. The recall did tarnish Toyota’s name somewhat in the market place, but they met this problem with the initiative we have come to expect from the World’s leading and innovative car manufacturer. Toyota quickly identified the problem and addressed it. It seemed to have occurred due to rapid expansion, having to open new manufacturing facilities and not being able to train staff the â€Å"Toyota way† due to lack of t ime to meet demand. This, I’m sure has served as a valuable lesson to Toyota, and has probably resulted in inward reviewing of the current operations management model; To what extent do we reduce â€Å"waste,† how many corners can we cut before we trade off or effect the quality of our product and inevitably the image of our brand? Another hurdle Toyota faced was the devastating natural disaster in the form of an earthquake and tsunami in 2011. This catastrophe shook the whole of Japan and the World. Toyota spearheaded the â€Å"Just in time† philosophy, an integral pillar of the Toyota Production system, that simply speaking means build what you need, when you need it. The principle behind this philosophy is sound, resulting in ease of production, less storage and less overheads, however in the wake of an unforeseen natural disaster it has huge negative consequences. Japan equates to 50-60% of Toyota’s total global manufacturing capabilities and also necessitates one of its largest supply chains. Due to the â€Å"Just in time† philosophy of only manufacturing products when required, Toyota faced a shortage of automobiles and supply chain products in the wake of the natural disasters that hit Japan. Other car manufacturers that have their global operations evenly spread throughout the World and within largest target markets and that also stock up on products would have been in a better position than Toyota to deal with the natural disaster that struck them. But as an overall evaluation of the operations management processes, you would be hard fetched to not be able to stand back and admire Toyota’s global success. Toyota has grown from a relatively unknown entity, into the World’s Number 1 automobile manufacturer. Toyota lost its crown as number 1 in 2011 after the devastating tsunami, but quickly bounced back to reclaim it in 2012, mainly due to its operations management processes and continuous strategic alignment. 2.1 List out top three quality initiatives and explain the importance of effective quality management and the role in achieving Toyota’s objectives Quality Management is vitally important if a company wishes to excel and compete effectively with its competition. Effective quality management can be introduced in many forms. I am going to discuss 3 of Toyota’s quality management processes that I have identified as having the most impact on overall operational excellence. Toyota Production System Kiichiro Toyoda the founder of the Toyota Automobile business firstly created the concept of â€Å"Just in time.† TPS was then further developed using this concept by Taichi Ohno the Toyota Chief of Production in the post World War 2 period. Toyota’s success as a leading automobile manufacturer is due to its unique production system. The concept of the TPS is to build the best quality, through the lowest cost, in the shortest lead-time through the elimination of waste. A simple definition can be found on the Toyota website; â€Å"The Toyota Production System (TPS) was established based on two concepts: The first is called â€Å"Jidoka† (which can be loosely translated as â€Å"automation with a human touch†) which means that when a problem occurs, the equipment stops immediately, preventing defective products from being produced; The second is the concept of â€Å"Just-in-Time,† in which each process produces only what is needed by the next process in a continuous flow.† (Toyota website www.toyota-global.com). The Just-in-Time philosophy involves 3 main aspects, TAKT Time, flow production and the pull system, which work together to form the main attributes of â€Å"Just-in-Time.† As is illustrated from the Toyota Production System â€Å"House,† the TPS as an operational management function aims to create a working harmony, that eliminates waste, develops efficiency through more automation and ultimately creates a better working environment that will benefit the customer. The use of â€Å"Jidoka† promotes fewer defects and when they do occur the problem can be rooted out immediately. TPS works as a solid foundation for the other operational management processes that are in place within Toyota and is an integral part of the company’s success. (This coupled with the ease of efficiently producing the highest quality product for the customer through the â€Å"Just-in-Time† philosophy has helped Toyota in achieving its objectives of being a leading manufacturer of the highest quality products. Kaizen Kaizen is a major factor when considering lean production techniques. The definition of Kaizen, which means â€Å"Change† and â€Å"Good† which equates to the meaning â€Å"A change for good,† literally is the process of making something better. Kaizen means breaking apart the current situation, analysing it and then putting it back together. A kaizen activity can last up to 5 days, in which a team is put to work to identify and significantly improve a process, through planning and then implementing it. A kaizen activity can result from a problem being identified or a need to improve on an aspect of the company manufacturing or process. The philosophy of Kaizen entails a process called â€Å"Gemba,† which is used for when a problem occurs, Toyota promotes going to the source of the problem, or going to the â€Å"Gemba†. Due to the automation or Jidoka in place, when a problem arises it is almost immediately identified and therefore less manufacturing defects arise. Gemba also encourages rooting out any problems straight away, it also entails developing a quick on the spot solution for an occurrence, until an effective one can be devised through the process of Kaizen. The technique of kaizen has been utilised by Toyota in developing a way of life within the organisation. Kaizen is promoted in every level and facet of the organisation. Employees are encouraged to be free thinkers and to constantly improve on processes, manufacturing techniques, time saving techniques and waste management. This has been fundamental in developing Toyota as a high quality and reliable brand name. The process of Kaizen is one of the top quality management initiatives that have been instrumental in Toyota reaching the top spot it enjoys today and of course maintaining that effectiveness. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management (SCM) plays a major contribution to the success of a company, or be it the failure if the SCM function is not effective. Toyota has a unique philosophy when it comes to managing their supply chain. Toyota considers suppliers as partners and therefore invests in them. Toyota carefully manages its supply chain, making sure that the complete process works on a pull system, pulling products from the supply chain and into the manufacturing cycle only when it is required. Toyota can even loan out workers and higher management to overlook the supply chain operations when demand is high. Toyota works on joint understanding and trust and encourages relationship-building exercises that add to the sleekness functioning of the whole process of working with and dealing with Toyota. By developing long-term partnerships, the suppliers become a part of the Toyota team and fit into the â€Å"Toyota way,† which in turn makes them a more effective partner for Toyota. In o rder to stay competitive Toyota encourages the lean manufacturing principle throughout its supply chain, giving the highest quality product, at the lowest cost in the shortest lead-time. Through this investment and relationship building, Toyota has created a SCM system that can be relied on for both quality and efficiency. Toyota has developed a strategy for every aspect of the supply chain from logistics, to quality management, just in time and lean production. Toyota, knowing it is solely responsible for its supply chain in its customer’s eyes, has effectively developed the supply chain to become a part of Toyota itself. Because of such attention to detail and effective operations management techniques Toyota has realised its goals of becoming a leading manufacturer of automobiles and has maintained that position greatly in part by maintaining a consistency of quality by ensuring their supply chain is always efficient and effective. 2.2 Discuss the level of success of existing quality management processes in meeting Toyota’s overall strategic management objectives Toyota has grown to see enormous worldwide success, due to its constant quest for excellence. The most visible part of this drive for excellence is Toyota’s manufacturing philosophy the Toyota Production System (TPS). The foundation for Toyota’s strategic management objectives can be seen in this Quote. Waste (â€Å"muda† in Japanese) is ‘anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, space, and worker’s time, which are absolutely essential to add value to the product.’ — Shoichiro Toyoda Founder, Toyota It has and always will be the underlying principle of Toyota to cut down on waste and deliver the best quality product in the most efficient way, which means developing a smooth obstacle free manufacturing process, with little waste and inventory. Toyota achieved its strategic management objectives through revolutionary cutting edge operations management techniques that have been replicated all over the World. These principles of lean manufacturing drastically reduce â€Å"Costs† that are associated with holding inventory, equipment, material, people resources and save time, which in itself has a value. This has successfully helped Toyota to become more competitive and increase its net profit making it a strong and durable leading automobile manufacturer. Conclusion After World War 2, Toyota was faced with the reality that change was necessary if it wanted to succeed and grow into an automobile manufacturer that could compete with the World’s giants such as Ford. If it weren’t for the Operations Management processes implemented and fine-tuned over the years then Toyota would never have got off the ground. It is evident that the constant strategic goal of operating more efficiently has been the crucial factor in Toyota’s success, coupled with the decentralised management philosophy, allowing the company to freely think and improve itself from an operational standing. Today, Toyota stands as an educational example of strategic excellence and a success story for people and companies to admire throughout the World. Reference http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr_initiatives/corporate_governance.html http://www.toyota-global.com/investors/ir_library/annual/pdf/2011/p35_37.pdf http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2423 http://mediabuzz.monster.com/news/articles/944-toyota-a-once-mighty-brand-tarnished-how-it-all-went-wrong http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2011/04/08/japan-quake-tsunami-take-heavy-toll-on-toyota/ http://www.advancebusinessconsulting.com/advance!/strategic-alignment/strategi c-alignment-business-cases/the-rise-of-toyota.aspx Toyota Scm .slidesContainer img { border: none } var slideshare_object = { flagging: {"update_url":"https://www.slideshare.net/main/flag?slideshow_id=5704145","is_flagged":false}, user: {"userGroup":"non-member","login":"guest","id":null,"loggedin":false,"name":null,"is_valid_fbuser":false,"fb_userid":null,"is_pro":"false","su":false,"is_test_user":false,"has_uploads":null,"is_li_connected":false,"is_li_auto_created_user":false,"show_li_connect_cta":false,"has_privacy_enabled":null,"li_tracking_url":"https://www.linkedin.com/li/track"}, timer: { start: (new Date()).getTime(), end: '', execTime: '' }, top_nav: { get_url: "/top_nav"}, li_bar: {get_url: "/li_bar"}, dev: false, init: [], feature_flag: [], is_ssl: true, rum_pagekey: "desktop_slideview_embed_code_loggedout", slideshow: { id: 5704145, is_clickgen_enabled: 'false', clickgen_url: '' } }; var _jspl = {} _jspl.pageInitTime = (new Date()).getTime(); window._gaq = []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount','UA-2330466-1']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', '.slideshare.net']); _gaq.push(['_addIgnoredRef', 'slideshare.net']); _gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 2, 'document_referrer', document.referrer]); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/embedPlayerView']); (function(){ // google analytics var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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Share Email Toyota SCM by Aniruddh Tiwari 42231 views Supply Chain Management of TOYOTA..... by Sabio Bernard 134707 views Toyota logistics by Aliaksey Narko 17912 views Toyota Supply Chain Management by Mà ¡rcio Alexsandro... 30904 views Toyota Supply chain Management by Siddhi Suthar 24385 views Toyota Production System by mohammadaarifkhan 22548 views Share SlideShare Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Embed Size (px) Show related SlideShares at end WordPress Shortcode Link 1 1 of 21 View on SlideShare a.ssml_a {display:block;position:absolute;} div.ssml_div span {white-space: pre;vertical-align:top; position:absolute;} a.ssml_img {background-color:#fff;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0)} .ssml_div span {line-height:normal;} .ssml_div div {line-height:normal;} .ssml_div{font-size:16px;} $.ajax({ url : 'https://www.slideshare.net/pingback/embed_or_homepageplayerhits/5704145', type : 'GET', data : { ref : 'https://studymoose.com/operations-management-toyota-essay' }, cache : false }); Toyota Scmfrom udapat http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/ Web Page Operations Management Slide by Dr. Ahmad Syamil http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505145_162-57581115/toyota-still-no-1-but-race-tightening/ Web Page Toyota’s 21st Century Diversity strategy

Polaroid Strategy

For quite some time, Polaroid’s company focus was instant cameras. They were a hit, as many could see their pictures immediately. Further, the catchy song lyrics â€Å"Shake it like a Polaroid Picture† helped spread the brand name to multiple populations. As digital cameras became popular over time, Polaroid lost concentration on their main selling point: instant photography. However, Polaroid believes that this new decade is the time to recreate their instant cameras with a revised mission and fresh set of values and visions. Current Mission â€Å"To put the latest cutting edge technology in the people’s hands and give them the power to use it comfortably, affordably†¦and in an instant. † Polaroid’s mission has always revolved around customer convenience and ease of technology. Their forte, instant film, remains a legacy in the company. By associating their products with reasonable prices, comfort, and mainly dynamically continuous innovations, Polaroid has been ingrained as a top brand in the eyes of their customers, especially amateurs. However, in lieu of current market trends, it is now time for Polaroid to revise this mission to include the following aspects and values: * Experience: More than just a product, the new Polaroid cameras will serve as an experience to its customers. Through instant gratification and social networking movements, the company opens up to allow the redefined PIC-1000 model to include multiple features. * Compatibility: Polaroid’s new plan emphasizes consistency with their old models. The new PIC-1000 will be compatible with traditional film. Retro-Futurism: The company attempts to step back in time and bring back an old, vintage styled camera with a modern twist. * Enthusiasts: Polaroid is expanding their target market to more than just the amateur. They plan to spice things up with Creative Director, Lady Gaga, and attract to the passion-driven enthusiasts in the art and fashion communities who unequivocally want the Polaroid experience back. Vision Polaroid’s vision serves as the framework for their marketing plan and guides every aspect of their business by describing what they need to accomplish in order to achieve sustainable, quality growth. This includes focusing on the needs of their customers, consumers, and partners. In addition, this improved vision pinpoints the following company values: leadership, diversity, quality, passion, accountability, integrity, and collaboration. Goals An overall goal includes expanding Polaroid’s market to younger photographers, while also appealing to older generations with more familiarity with the company’s cameras. The following are specific short and long-term goals: Short-term: Enter new markets, specifically the art and fashion communities * Reduce postage costs with more distribution centers around the world * Present the new technology at consumer electronic shows * Publicize innovative products in various advertising media, for example Engadget and Popular Science magazines * Widely distribute products in many retail stores for easy access to customers * Regain participation in community promotions, such as in the corporate sponsorship of motorsports Long-term: Gain a large percentage of the niche photography market * Re-establish their iconic instant imaging * Create a legacy * Form licensing deals to extend the brand into new market segments * Provide customer satisfaction and fulfillment * Be a top-ranked player in the photography industry * Maximize profit and return to shareowners while being aware of responsibilities * Offer a social networking â€Å"Movement† for consumers to share and enjoy Core Competencies and Competitive Advantage As a pioneer of instant photography, Polaroid has a leg up on other competitors. They have a patent that allows for product protection and brand equity. Through much research, development, and devotion, these so-called purists have created a unique image and legacy that has stood the test of time. Some points of differentiation to distinguish Polaroid’s products from the masses are its vintage quality, ease of use, instant gratification, and retro niche appeal. The company’s competitive advantage in instant imaging is made possible through its partners and supporting industries, the availability of skilled researchers, and the current demand for artistic products in the marketplace. Polaroid will work to form strong bonds and relationships with distributors and suppliers, which will in turn satisfy their customer’s needs most fully.

Business Management Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Management Practice - Assignment Example Firm sizes is a big factor to consider in employing the management structure since bigger company size entails a more complicated management structure. In a company where it employs an estimated 100 individuals in the workforce, it will most likely have a president that will be n top of the structure. There will be vice presidents that will aid the president with the improvements of the different departments like growth in sales, increase in administrative costs, changes in marketing strategies, financial reports, and other information essential in strategizing the company’s next move. On the other hand, a firm with employees lower than ten would mean a simpler management structure. There will be a manager, secretary, a bookkeeper and administrative help in the least. There are three assumptions to be considered according to the classical management theory established by F.W. Taylor (Alajloni, M.M., Almashaqba, Z.M.S., Al-Qeed, M.A.N., 2010). From this study, it is set that first, it is assumed that to avoid conflict in relationships, management and employees have defined sets of tasks and responsibilities, formal procedures and well structured communication. This is where an organization sets the border line between the lower and middle tier and the upper tier which are members of the management. Formal communication among the superior-subordinate relationship should be established as this will be a tool in defining respect and boundaries between the management and the workers. Second, that these workers in a company are economical, that all of them are motivated by monetary means only. It is assumed that workers are after the Third, and last, that these workers are there for production purposes; that they are responsible for the production mech anism of a company. Essentially, these assumptions and the classical theory were

Management Training and Resulting Conflict Management Effectiveness in Dissertation

Management Training and Resulting Conflict Management Effectiveness in Hospitals - Dissertation Example One of such environment is hospital therefore conflict management in healthcare settings is a must. This study explores the effectiveness of conflict management in healthcare settings and presents conflict resolution maps for healthcare practitioners to ensure conflict management practices matches healthcare organisations standards. The study specifically discusses conflict resolution in the light of conflict situations unique to healthcare settings and uses secondary data on conflict resolution training programs suggested and carried out at NHS to make recommendations for healthcare management. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Background and Context 6 1.2 Research Question and Objectives 7 1.3 Rationale of the Study 8 1.4 Structure of the Study 9 2.LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 What is Conflict and Conflict Management? 10 2.2 Different Views on Conflict 11 2.3 Types of Conflict 13 2.3.1 Interpersonal Conflict 14 2.4 Conflict Management Process 15 2.5 Conflict Handling S trategies 16 2.6 Conflict Situations in Healthcare Settings 18 2.7 Research Studies on Conflict Management in Healthcare Settings 19 2.8 Research Gap and Conceptual Framework 21 3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Role of the Researcher 23 3.2 Research Design 23 3.3 Data Collection and Analysis 24 3.4 Research Validity and Triangulation 25 3.5 Summary 26 4.FINDINGS 27 4.1 The Patient-Staff Conflict 28 4.2 The Doctor-Doctor Conflict 30 4.3 Conflict among Nurses 30 4.4 The Doctor-Nurse Conflict 31 4.5 Summary 32 5.DISCUSSION 34 6.CONCLUSION 37 6.1 Recommendations 38 References 40 1. INTRODUCTION Conflict is an inevitable part of social life and communication, flexibility and willingness to change are a few ways to handle conflict effectively (Guffey & Almonte, 2009). However, not everyone is good at conflict management and hence without one knowing these strategies it becomes difficult to handle conflict effectively. In organisational context, chances of conflict increases where pressure is high and duties are complex. One of such environment is hospital. Healthcare personnel work under immense pressure and they are performing several responsibilities simultaneously; in addition to this, their duties are linked to a person’s life which even complicates the situation and increases the pressure. Besides tough working conditions there are many other reasons of conflict within organisations. These reasons include differences in goals and values of employee and employer, power differentials, lack of understanding of organisational structure and functions, scarcity of resources, or refutation of one’s self-image. To ensure an organisation remains stable and consistent, conflicts should be handled effectively whenever they arise. Nonetheless, everyone is not good at conflict management and this fact makes it necessary to ensure personnel in organisations know well how to handle conflict and maintain harmony in the workplace. Conflict management has become a maj or subfield of management and organisational behaviour. Conflict among groups in organisations is now an important area for researchers. Though the research shows that there are positive effects of conflict on group identity and development (Jones, 1993; De Dreu, 1997) however negative and destructive conflict can lead to disaster. Due to the negative consequences conflicts can bring to an organisation, it is important to ensure that employees understand conflict management strategies. Including hospitals, the ability to manage internal conflict

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Research Paper Example In most cases such individuals are forced to disregard issues like homosexuality and attraction to same sex due to stigmatization of such sexuality aspects by their societies (or parents) in their childhood. As a result, individuals who hold such socially unacceptable feelings will often tend to suppress them. In their research, Netta Weinstein and William S Ryan developed a hypothesis based on the idea that individuals who experienced low parental autonomy support had a higher discrepancy between implicit and explicit indicators of sexual orientation measured using reaction time (Netta et al, 2012). Furthermore, the research is based on the idea that such discrepancy may threaten an individual’s perception of his sexual orientation which may result to an individual developing defensive mechanism. For instance if an individual was brought up in an environment in which his parents who did not support autonomy and had strong negative perception on homosexuality, then the individual will experience strong discrepancy between implicit gay orientation and explicit gay orientation resulting to homophobia and negative perception of homosexuality without any solid reason for doing so (Grolnick, 2009). Based on the study, these ideas have been verified in the literature review since the research evaluates scientific papers that show similar results. For instance, the research paper identifies that the relationship between parents and their children lays a foundation for a child’s behavior; specifically, autonomy-supportive parents enables children to grow up into individuals who determine their own fate or opinion on social issues including sexuality. In this regard such individuals have personal opinions that are different from their parents and therefore have low discrepancy on implicit and explicit perspectives on sexual orientation (Netta et al, 2012). Furthermore, the research also considers two previously done studies on sexuality

How a person can fall into debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How a person can fall into debt - Essay Example A person missing on one or two payments can kick start a process of never ending debt trap where enormous amount of charges in the form of late payments, mark-ups etc are charged which never subsidize to allow a breathing space to the person availing the debt. Falling into debt is not a new phenomenon as almost everyone in civilized world is trapped into this never ending vicious cycle of debt. There are various ways through which a person can fall into debt. These means include from economic hardships to increasing social pressures to maintain certain social status within a society. b. Living beyond one’s means therefore force individuals to look for money to match their lifestyle with those they want to match. Thus forcing them to incur high cost debt and when they fail to payback, a never ending spiral of mounting debt start to increase thus almost perpetually forcing them to remain into debt. Social as well as economic pressures on individuals force them to fall into debt. This falling into debt, in current world, is mostly done through financial institutions – banks especially which offer various products catered according to individual needs at high cost which ultimately put a person into perpetual

Different between large city and small city Research Paper

Different between large city and small city - Research Paper Example Apparent differences between New York City and Terre Haute are mainly due to the people that inhibit those cities. Being a large and popular city New York City is home to many famous Hollywood celebrities and is in full swing from morning to midnight. New York City has a plethora of malls situated in its streets including Trump Tower, Kings Plaza Shopping Center and Marina, Manhattan Mall, and Queens Center just to name a few. Terre Haute may lack in activities however it also has numerous malls including Honey Creek Mall, Nancy’s Downtown Mall, and Shadylane Antique Mall while some are located far off. Also, transportation system and the way of getting to places are different in the two cities. For instance, having a large population traffic jams are quite common in New York City due to congestion. According to Aaron Couch, New York City dwellers experience at least 42 hours of delay per year (n.pag.). As a result people prefer travelling by public transport: bus, subway, tax i, etc. Terre Haute, on the other hand, has a relatively less occurrence of severe traffic jams as compared to New York City. Overall, there are so many activities a person could do and there are numerous places to go to in New York City while Terre Haute has a limited number of activities for recreation and entertainment. However, Terre Haute beats NYC to traffic congestions. One of the major advantages for a person living in Terre Haute is the cost of living there. It is significantly lower than the one for New York City. Apartment rents are way cheaper in Terre Haute. In New York City the monthly apartment rent for a one bedroom apartment ranges from $2370 to $3100 (Numbeo, n.pag.) as compared to $425 to $500 for a one bedroom apartment in Terre Haute. Also, the costs incurred due to restaurant, market, transportation, monthly utility bills, sports, leisure, clothing, and rent amounts to a huge chunk of the salary of a New Yorker. All these expenses are significantly low for a pe rson living in Terre Haute. If asked about people’s preferences then a person would prefer to live in New York City despite its high cost of living. The apparent reason is that Terre Haute is a small city and hence has lesser job opportunities and subsequently a lower pay rate. With the perks and benefits and the standards of living one would enjoy in New York City, these are almost absent in Terre Haute. Therefore, despite the low cost of living more people prefer to live in New York City. High crime rates have often been associated with New York City. The reason is quite straightforward. Being a large and populous city there are more opportunities of crimes including robbery, homicide, rape, motor vehicle theft, assaults, and so on. Also, since the city houses richer people demographically the crime rate is higher than any smaller city like Terre Haute. In fact, Terre Haute has a significantly low crime rate even though a prison is there for wrong doers. However, to not men tion the decreasing crime rate in New York City would be unfair. There has been a decline in the crime rate from 1999 to 2011 from 459.9 to 254.5 (City Data, n.pag.). Many consider this decline a mystery while others have put forward many reasons for this decline in the crime rate including the change in policies, growth in the number of police force, and so on. Even with this plummeting crime rate, Terre Haute still has a very low crime rate as compared to New York City

Crisis Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Management - Research Paper Example This report will present a brief overview of crisis associated with the companies that is, organizational crisis will be the main area of study. In addition, this report will also present insights of the modern crisis management techniques adopted by organizations around the world. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the cases where companies have faced crisis situation and how they dealt and overcame that situation. In this context the company which has been chosen to depict the importance of crisis management and also to reveal how the company surmounted the situation is Nokia. After that, depending upon the findings of the literature study a conclusion will be drawn. Finally some recommendations will be also provided by which will assist companies to address different forms of crisis. Defining Crisis Eminent scholars have stressed on the fact that crisis is a threat to organizations, an unexpected element and short periods of risk (Akers, 2007, p.11). It can affect ev ery segments of the social order that include educational institutions, non profits, churches, business, families, government etc. This study will however focus on the issue in the context of an organization. For an organization crisis can be illustrated as an anomalous and uncharacteristic situation or perception, which is beyond the control of an organization and also threatens to impact their operation. Several cases have also pointed out that if a possible crisis is identified at the initial stage, it will have least impact or the impact can be minimized to a large extent. On the other hand if a company fails to determine the possible crisis at the initial stage, it can adversely affect the operation of an organization. Even in some cases, a crisis can also threaten the survival of a business. Hence for them to survive and operate effectively in the market place, superior crisis management techniques and tools should be in place (Fearn-Banks, 2010, p.2). Defining Crisis Manageme nt Crisis management is simply defined as a systematic effort to circumvent or manage the crisis that an organization may face during its lifetime. The concept of crisis management was initiated during the 1980s, when large number of environmental and industrial disasters took place (Barton, 2007, p.5). In order to manage a crisis effectively an organization should consider a systematic approach towards the improvement process as it is indispensable to safeguard the reputation of company along with its brands. Therefore companies should enlighten their customers about the happening and to some extent is necessary for survival (Khodarahmi, 2009, p.524). Additionally, eminent scholars such as Appelbaum, Keller, Alvarez & Bedard (2012) added that relatively modern concepts such as strategic planning can also be effective in managing organizational crisis to a satisfactory level. The authors also put emphasis on the fact that a number of US corporations are employing this concept to for ecast and deal with the issues, threats or problems that are beyond the operating control of the firms. Discussion Eminent scholars such as Dinant and Miller have identified seminal researchers in the same field of study. They categorized the study into two major groups namely macro and micro sizes. The primary intention of their study was to offer insights regarding the most committed

Organization change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization change - Assignment Example Employees will follow the guidance of a leader they believe in. Getting the respect of the employees is important in order to gain their trust. A leader must have superb communication skills to facilitate the change process in an organization. Often change requires that the employees gain new skills and capabilities to be able to handle the work challenges. The manager of a company can facilitate change by providing the employees of the firm with training and development opportunities. The use of training and development can help the employees accept change because the employees become better prepared. A technique that can be used to implement training and development faster at a lower cost is online training. Another technique that can be utilized to facilitate change at an organization is the use of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. To motivate the employees to achieve greater production the company can offer financial rewards to the employees. It is important to demonstrate to the employees that the company cares about their work-life balance. The use of flexible time is a way to change the operations of an enterprise to allow the employees to be able to better meet their family responsibilities. Change can also be enha nced at a company through the implementation of teamwork. Teamwork enhances the leadership and communication abilities of the employees and it offers the workers a new dynamic work environment. Teamwork has become a critical success factor in the work environment of the 21st century. The employees of a company can also get involved in the change process of the organization. The managers must keep the lines of communication open with the employees at all times. A way for the workers to get involved in the change process is through the implementation of a feedback system. Sometimes the employees are intimidated by the managers and they do not feel comfortable giving feedback. Implementing

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business Essay

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business - Essay Example This essay focuses on the significance of the social aspect in the PEST analysis in regards to a business from apparel manufacturing industry. Environmental analysis is a marketing function which includes study of all external factors that may determine the success or failure of a business. Relatively qualitative in nature, this analysis involves identifying of environmental variables, scanning them, analyzing and finally forecasting of business situation. Environmental analysis is significant for a business to survive and grow. This analysis helps in identifying the probable opportunities and threats to a business. It opens new avenues for business activity expansion and also provides opportunities for discovering and exploitation of business. PEST analysis is an acronym for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological.† Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research.Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product The social factor from PEST analysis creates various opportunities at a global, national and international level. ... It enables business and organizations to understand future problems and face them boldly. This analysis helps organizations in expanding their business while contributing towards social groups and causes. Environmental analysis keeps guiding the organizations from time to time about changes in socio economic conditions at the same time enabling them to take benefit of technological developments, government policies etc. Apart from providing various opportunities environmental analysis also helps business in identifying threats from competitor and other sources. Threats are uncontrollable and can put survival of organization or business at stake. Environmental analysis overcome organization’s threat and also helps in identifying competencies of business. Identification of one PEST factor PEST analysis is an acronym for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological.† Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research. Out of all the factors from PEST analysis I am considering Social factor for discussion about how it affects business. Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product (Miller 1992). Industry considered Considering apparel manufacturing industry for

The Presence of Horror and Fear in ‘the Monkey’s Paw’ Story Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Horror and Fear in ‘the Monkey’s Paw’ Story Essay This essay is an analysis of ‘The Monkey’s Paw’, a horror short story by William Wymark Jacobs. This story is about a talisman that shapes like monkey’s paw which has magical powers. It grants three wishes to its owner. It’s given to one family, husband, wife, and their son. They wish for some money, and that wish also become true, they get the money, the exact amount they wished for. But actually that money was the compensation for the death of their son that caused by the accident. Torturing by the sadness of the dead of her only son, the wife wishes for her son back to life again. When knocking is heard at the door, the husband feels scared about what will happened. And before the wife can opened the door, the husband used the last wish. The knocking stop and when the wife opened the door, no one is there. The essay will be focused on how the speaker brings the horror and fear in this story. There are many ways how the horror and fear is delivered in this story, but this essay will only take and explain three of them. The first thing that brings horror and fear is the background of the Sergeant-Major Morris as the previous owner of the talisman, how he could get that talisman. The reader can feels that the talisman has a mysterious background from how the Sergeant-Major feels uncomfortable when telling about the talisman. â€Å"The soldier regarded him the way that middle age is wont to regard presumptious youth. †I have,† he said quietly, and his blotchy face whitened. † It can be seen that the Major seems too quiet and too afraid for the man that wants to tell the story about the talisman that can granted wishes. Second, the horror and fear come up to the climax through the action or response the husband and wife after the death of their son. The fight between the husband and the wife about the wish to revive their only son also bring the reader feels the horror and fear. â€Å"The old man turned and regarded her, and his voice shook. â€Å"He has been dead ten days, and besides he – I would not tell you else, but – I could only recognize him by his clothing. If he was terrible for you to see then, how now? †Ã¢â‚¬  it brings the readers get the imagination how scary in looks if the son come back to life. The last thing that is, how the narration also supports to create a horror and fear atmosphere in the story. The best example can be seen from the last event. But her husband was on his hand s and knees groping wildly on the floor in search of the paw. If only he could find it before the thing outside got in. A perfect fusillade of knocks reverberated through the house, and he heard the scraping of a chair as his wife put it down in the passage against the door. He heard the creaking of the bolt as it came slowly back, and at the same moment he found the monkey’s paw, and frantically breathed his third and last wish. † The narrations which explain about the setting, the situation and condition also take an important role to raise the tension of fear in this short story. In sum, there are many ways of how the speaker is delivered the horror and fear of this short story. Three of them are: The background of the Sergeant-Major Morris as the previous owner of the talisman, The action or response from the husband and wife about the wish to revive their son, How the narration explain the setting, situation, and condition in this story with a ‘spooky’ ways. There are still many others ways how the speaker brings the horror and fear in this story that make this story become a good horror story.

Nazi Germany Essay Example for Free

Nazi Germany Essay In Nazi Germany during the Third Reich, which began in the early 1930’s, the role of Women in the society was greatly affected by different policies that were created by the totalitarian government system. Some of these policies included the Law of Encouragement of Marriage, the Lebensborn program, and the Law for Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). The law of Encouragement of Marriage said that newly wed couples would be given a loan of 1000 marks and for each child that they had they would be allowed to deduct 250 marks from their loan (Trueman). This meant that if a family had 4 or more children they would pay their entire loan off. The Lebensborn Program of 1936 meant that racially pure Aryan women, usually unmarried, would live in Lebensborn houses while they carried the children of SS men in secret (The â€Å"Lebensborn† Program). Once the child was born, they were given to the SS organization to educate the child and facilitate their adoption. All men and women who applied to live in the Lebensborn houses first needed to pass a racially pure test. This test included tracing the family’s genetics back at least 3 generations and blonde hair and blue eyes were preferred (The â€Å"Lebensborn† Program). The Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring meant that women who were considered to be racially impure or undesirable were sterilized so that they would not be able to produce more offspring. These laws were designed to increase the population of â€Å"pure† Germans and increase the amount of soldiers and mothers that lived in Germany (Turk). The policies that were imposed upon women in Nazi Germany can be considered both successful and unsuccessful. When these policies were first imposed, everyone complied with the policies and women began bearing more children (Women in the Nazi State). As a result, women were forced to commit themselves to the domestic life thus forfeiting their chance to be employed outside of the home. While more women committed themselves to domestic life, more men were able to take their jobs. Through these laws the population increased dramatically and women and girls now had the opportunity to help support the Nazi organizations (German Women and 3 Ks). The policies were unsuccessful because Germany lost the war and thus they did not need all of these pure Germans to populate these territories because they lost control of them when the war was lost. The women were also needed  to work when the war was in its most intense period, but due to the policies that were imposed on women, they were used to living a solely domestic life and did not want to return to the workforce (German Women and 3 Ks). The policies were unsuccessful as well, because there was a large amount of discrimination towards women, limiting their rights as German citizens. The Nazi party, through imposing these policies, increased the German population from 66 million people in 1933 to 68 million people in 1938 (Ganse), which is the main reason these policies could be considered a success. Work cited: Allison, Fiona. The Role of Women in Nazi Germany 1939-1945 West European History. N.p., hhhhhh8 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Ganse, Alexander. History of Germany. World History at KMLA. Korean Minjork Leadership Academy, 11 Sept. 2008. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. German Women and 3 Ks. German Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Simkin, John. Women in Nazi Germany . Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational hhhhhhPublishers, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. The â€Å"Lebensborn† Program. Jewish Virtual Library. N.p., 27 Apr. 2000. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Trueman, Chris. The Role of Women in Nazi Germany. History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. hhhhhhWeb. 23 Aug. 2012. Turk, Eleanor L. Nazi Germany, 1933-1939. World History at KMLA. N.p., 7 Feb. 2011. Web. hhhhhh23 Aug. 2012. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. â€Å"Women in the Third Reich† Holocaust Encyclopedia. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. Women in the Nazi State. BBC GCSE Bitesize. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.

Job Analysis In Rapidly Changing Organizations Management Essay

Job Analysis In Rapidly Changing Organizations Management Essay The importance of job analysis in obtaining the right people for organizations has been established in literature (Siddique, 2004; Palmer and Valet, 2001; Baruch and Lessem, 1995). Job analysis refers to the process of analyzing the requirements of jobs and identifying skills, behaviours, knowledge, and other characteristics needed for satisfactory job performance (De Cieri and Kramer, 2003; Palmer and Valet, 2001; McKillip, 2001). In recent years however, there have been issues regarding the relevance of job analysis in staffing for modern organizations because of its specific and detailed outcomes, which are inconsistent with the flexible nature of contemporary organizations (Brannick and Levine, 2002). Given the arguments for and against the relevance of job analysis, can it be considered as essential in getting the best staff to work in modern and rapidly changing organizations? Analyzing this statement merits a clear look into the characteristics of best staff in modern organizations and the context where they are working. As opposed to traditional organizations that offer rigid and stable working environments, modern and rapidly changing organizations have been described as flexible (Dessler, Griffiths, and Lloyd-Walker, 2004), dynamic, competitive, and less hierarchical (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Hammer and Champy, 2001; Sanchez, 1994), multidimensional (Hammer and Champy, 2001), influenced by technological, social, political, and global changes (Dessler, et. al., 2004), and boundaryless with tasks and roles that are more fluid and less defined (Nelson, 1997; Hirschhorn and Gilmore, 1992). Given this work context, the best staff to work for modern and dynamic organizations can be considered as those who are flexible, open to learning, dynamic, empowered, and self-directed, able to respond to changing demands of the job, and with sound interpersonal and collaborative skills necessary for team work (Dessler et. al., 2004; Brannick and Levine, 2002; Hammer and Champy, 2001; Hirschhorn and Gilmore, 1992 ). Possession of the essential work-related skills (Palmer and Valet, 2001) and the ability to manage complicated tasks (Hammer and Champy, 2001) is also important. Looking at the characteristics of modern organizations, wherein jobs are constantly changing, a traditional type of job analysis which focuses on specific job descriptors and employee characteristics to match these may no longer be relevant (Nelson, 1997; Sanchez, 1994). A more modern type of job analysis that selects staff on the basis of their capability to function in a dynamic set-up is more appropriate (Sanchez, 1994). Consequently, job analysis, when used appropriately, has been seen to meet the demands of new working environments (Siegel, 1996; Sanchez, 1994). Therefore, job analysis is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern organizations so long as it is performed in a pro-active way (Siddique, 2004) and is able to accommodate and adapt to fast-changing demands (Clifford, 1994). Job analysis is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern organizations, first because it is capable of adapting to organizational needs in regards to providing relevant information for describing jobs and work environment, and staff characteristics that is best for the organization (Siddique, 2004; Nelson, 1997; Sanchez, 1994). Second, it strengthens the validity of measurement tools used to identify characteristics of jobs and employees (Kubiszyn and Borich, 1996). Third, it provides information on education and training needs for staff development (Dessler et. al., 2004; De Cieri and Kramer, 2003). Fourth, it provides the basis for evaluating staff performance needed to enhance their performance (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Palmer and Valet, 2001). Last, job analysis provides data needed in setting-up a working environment that would motivate staff to work at their best (Dessler et. al., 2004). To discuss the first point, job analysis is relevant in getting the best staff for modern organizations because it presents dynamic and new ways of describing jobs, work environments, and organization culture; and the staff characteristics needed to get the work done. Therefore, it serves its basic function of providing a match between organizational needs and staff characteristics. Job analysis no longer limits itself to identifying specific job descriptions and job specifications. Modern job analysis techniques such as the worker-oriented methods of job analysis (Nelson, 1997, p. 43) and competency-focused approach (Siddique, 2004, p.225) provides information on broader qualities such as conflict management skills, motivation, and flexibility that are critical for success in a variety of jobs for modern organizations. In addition, job analysis can also identify team descriptions that can facilitate collaboration in a team-based nature of modern organizations (Brannick and Levine, 2 002; Siegel, 1996). It is worth mentioning however, that there have also been arguments regarding the applicability of job analysis to modern organizations (Sanchez, 1994). Several authors (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Sanchez, 1994) for instance discussed the setbacks of job analysis as being rigid and inconsistent with the fluid nature of modern businesses. However, Brannick and Levine (2002) discussed that problems with job analysis stem from its products such as job descriptors and not necessarily on the entire job analysis procedure. In contrast to accusations, the ability of job analysis to identify characteristics needed to get the best staff to function in modern organizations has been evident in several instances. For example, Milan and Tucker (1992) discussed the story of British Petroleum, the worlds third largest oil company, wherein teams of staff members from its different divisions and locations worked together to develop a skills matrix that included descriptors for families of skills and corresponding performance levels. As a result, the matrix enabled the employees to understand the different roles that they can play in the company and the level of performance required, thus empowering them to take charge of their own development. Similarly, Laabs (1993) related the story of Gillette Co, a fast growing global company that benefited from identifying important broad staff characteristics like adaptability, enthusiasm, and aggressiveness which effectively helped the company in attracting and tapping new graduates that meet its global and competitive needs. Since jobs keep on changing in modern organizations, identifying work environment characteristics has been seen as more important in identifying compatible staff members than specific job descriptors (Nelson, 1997). Job analysis has been discussed to serve this function. For instance, Siegel (1996) mentioned the applicability of job analysis in a TQM environment by detailing the characteristics of the organizations systems and subsystems to enable staff to work interdependently. Similarly, job analysis is also important in ensuring that employees match the organization culture by operationalising and providing a framework for an organizations culture and the necessary staff characteristics that would fit the culture (Dessler et. al, 2004; Nelson, 1994). Clearly, so long as job analysis is up-to-date, it can function as a roadmap for companies to use in selecting the best staff both from within and outside the organization. Job and work descriptions and specifications can only be effective in getting the best staff if measures used to identify relevant characteristics are valid. Dr. Howard Hane (cited in Palmer, H. and Valet W., 2001) said that job analysis aids in the valid and reliable development of these tools by specifying what needs to be measured for a given task and at what standards. For instance, Day (1989, p. 27) emphasized the importance of conducting job analysis in designing a personality inventory and providing an accurate measure for personality traits in selecting employees. Valid personality measurements and other competency measures are important in selecting the best staff for modern organizations because these provide characteristics that are needed for a wide array of jobs. Getting the best staff does not end with matching organizational needs with employee characteristics. Once, their in the organization, they will only continue to be the best if given proper education and training. Education and training are important because in modern organizations, people are expected to be versatile and to attune their skills and knowledge to organizational changes (Dessler, et. al, 2004; Hammer and Champy, 2001). Job analysis is essential in employee education and training needs assessment in modern organizations by identifying skills and competence that needs to be developed and by forecasting skills that will be needed for future responsibilities (Dessler et. al., 2004). For instance Siegel (1996) discussed the use of job analysis in a TQM environment by providing information on employee cross-training for them to work spontaneously in different subsystems. As Clifford (1994) suggested, job analysis also assists the organization and its staff in determining training needs for professional growth planning. Furthermore, job analysis strengthens the validity of training procedures by providing a means to match important characteristics and the emphasis given to these in trainings (McKillip, 2001). The importance of job analysis in employee training for a modern organization was seen in the case of Dixie Group Inc., a major carpet industry in the United States. This company used job analysis as basis for staff education and development to enable them to keep up with and deliver good results amidst fast changing technology (Palmer and Valet, 2001). Once employees are hired, put in the right position, trained, or educated, the effective way of determining the quality of performance is evaluation. Evaluation will provide an objective basis whether the best staff is indeed at place in the organization. The basis for all evaluation is of course a clear criteria or standard of how jobs and tasks should be accomplished (Borich and Kubiszyn, 1996). Job analysis again enters the picture by providing up-to-date information for acceptable standards of job performance that will be used to assess the quality of work of staff (Dessler et. al., 2004; Siddique, 2004). If duties and standards are clearly provided by a job analysis, then evaluation procedures would proceed smoothly (Clifford, 1994). The results of the evaluation can then be used for training needs analysis as well as personal improvement plans of the staff. It can also be the basis for putting people in job categories wherein they excel. Another area of employee evaluation wherein job analysis is important has to do with compensation decisions (Dessler et. al., 2004). Fast changing organizations would likely get the best staff that they require if compensation packages are reasonable and commensurate to the responsibilities given to people and their qualifications. The information on various jobs provided by job analysis is very essential in this process (De Cieri and Kramer, 2003). Finally, getting the best staff also means keeping them at their best by providing motivation. Good employees in modern organizations are normally flexible and talented; therefore they will not stay in organizations that do not offer stimulating work environments. Job analysis addresses this issue by providing information needed in designing and redesigning interesting jobs that foster team work, responsibility, challenge, and employee empowerment (Dessler et. al., 2004; Brannick and Levine, 2002). For instance, proper combination of positive job characteristics in a job design may lead to positive work outcomes (Dessler et. al., 2004), thereby maintaining the staff at their best performance levels. Modern organizations have indeed moved from a static and bureaucratic system to one that is dynamic, flexible, and boundaryless; resulting to changes on the characteristics of the best staff needed for these organizations. Since jobs keep on changing, employees are no longer chosen on the basis of specific skills or how well they can perform specific tasks. This makes the question of whether job analysis is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern and rapidly changing organization an important point for discussion. There have been arguments regarding the applicability of job analysis in modern and fast changing organizations because it was regarded as providing rigid information that is inconsistent the with the flexible nature of organizations. On the contrary, however, literature on job analysis (Siegel, 1996; Sanchez, 1994) has shown that it is capable of adapting to the requirements of modern organizations and has evolved to incorporate methods that enable companies to get the best staffs that are suitable to its changing needs. Thus, job analysis, as long as up-to-date, is important in getting the best staff because it still serves its primary functions of first, providing relevant information about people and work characteristics needed to get the best staff (Siddique, 2004; Nelson, 1997; Sanchez, 1994); second, strengthening the validity of measurement tools used to identify characteristics of best staff (Kubiszyn and Borich, 1996); and third, providing relevant information for staff edu cation, training (Dessler et. al., 2004; De Cieri and Kramer, 2003), evaluation (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Palmer and Valet, 2001) and design of a motivating work environment to keep the staff at their best (Dessler et. al., 2004). Clearly, so long as job analysis is able to keep abreast with the dynamic needs of organizations, it is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern organizations. This topic, however, still merits more research on the applicability of job analysis in acquiring the best staff for real organizations and the development of more relevant job analysis tools.

Economic Impact of Population and Technology on the Environment :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Economic Impact of Population and Technology on the Environment Ask any economist what two things have changed in the past three or so million years since humans first began appearing in demographically significant numbers and he will tell you with unwavering confidence: population and technology. And that economist would be right. These two factors are the root cause of every change in the standard of living we have experienced since the dawn of humanity. Any anthro-ecologist posed with the same question and will offer up little more than a puzzled look. Only two? The point, here, is that economists have a certain tendency to apply Razor's Axiom to every situation imaginable. Looking at the effect humans have on the environment is most commonly a qualitative exercise. While it may be possible to count sheer number of deer hunted or square miles of forest burned as the result of human involvement in nature, such calculations are more commonly done with anecdotes and broad estimates. Ask an economist to measure the damage done to the environme nt by humans and you will hear about equivalent and compentating differentials two quantitative methods of valuing a qualitative loss. Both neccesitate understanding humans' preferences and values, and take an understandably anthropocentric view of the Earth. Regardless, in absolute, per capita, and relative terms, both of those differentials have increased consistently over the course of human history. The first step in evaluating human impact on the environment is to elucidate what we consider human-caused ecological damage. There are, not surprisingly, a great many approaches possibly in defining such a broad concept, but there are a few basic principles which are nearly universal bads. The damages in this illumination are defined with a Darwinian perspective. One such bad is the loss of diversity among non-human population. This loss of diversity can take the form of extinction of plants or animals, a loss of genetic diversity among one species, or a forced-relocation of an existing population. Another bad is the transformation of terra, whether intentional or unintentional, as the result of human activity. Examples are common think 1930 s Oklahoma Dust Bowl and are often caused by agricultural activities. The next step in evaluating the extent human-caused environmental damages lies in the measurement of such damages. Since no dollar value can be placed on the extinct ion of a species, we must estimate the value that species contributes to the Earth s consumption (evaluating changes in consumption is the only way we can say that one situation is better than another).

Prostitution in the 19th and 20th Centuries Essay -- Prostitute Prosti

During the late 19th- and early 20th century, the nature of society forced the working class women of America to take advantage of any means to support themselves, including prostitution. Each woman had to decide herself which work option best supported her financially. During this time, women had limited options as far as work was concerned. As time went on, more and more women were forced to work, because they had no husband and no other means of building up a dowry for a husband. By 1910 the wage labor force was made up of about 20% of women as young as fourteen. The wages these women earned were unbelievably low, and at times as much as 80% lower than the wages men earned. Possible job opportunities for the women included options such as a textile factory, which consisted of clothing and fabric production. In these factories, the women ran high risks to their health. More wealthy people would hire these women for domestic services such as nannies, or house servants. These jobs sometimes required the woman to live at that residence, and the women ran the constant risk of being molested by a higher-class ranking individual. Department stores were also willing to hire women. However, the set-back to this type of work was that the women we re sometimes expected to purchase expensive dress up clothing that most of the time they couldn’t afford. The women were advised to â€Å"round out their meager salaries by finding a ‘†gentleman friend†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to purchase clothing and pleasures†(Peiss, 79). Prostitution was a reliable work engagement that many women participated in. Why did the women feel this was their best option? Several critical, attractive benefits that only prostitution offered contributed to women’s’ choice of ... ...dle-class reform women could have reversed their movements from the women, and turned them toward the men who were putting the prostitutes in business. Those prostitutes could not have been prostitutes if it were not for the eager men paying them for it. However, perhaps a reason this was not done was because the reform women did not have the means to do something as drastic as this because they were, after all, women in a time of man control. Women did not have the same leisurely rights to do as they pleased that men had. I feel that both the reform women and the working-class prostitutes had reasonable bounds for what they fought for. I think that if women had had the rights that men did, prostitution may never have existed. Therefore, personally I blame the men for neglecting women rights, and forcing them to find other, less moral ways to support themselves.

Essay --

When the struggle against Antony and Cleopatra ended, Octavian found himself commander of some 60-70 legions and 900 warships. The Roman state could not, as a matter of course, support such a military establishment, nor was it politic to have so many men in service. He therefore discharged the majority, reducing the number of legions to 26; with the annexation of Galatia in 25 B.C., two new legions were added. The loss of three under Varus (see below) left only 25. There were thus about 150,000 legionaries, with an equivalent number of auxiliaries. The navy had two main bases, Misenum on the Bay of Naples and Ravenna along the Adriatic coast, with smaller flotillas elsewhere, such as at Forum Julii in southern France. Attendant upon the emperor were the nine cohorts of the Praetorian Guard.In the later years of Augustus' principate, seven cohorts of vigiles, who served as police in Rome, were established. There were also three cohortes urbanae. In the Res Gestae, his final statement of his activities and expenditures for the Roman state, Augustus spoke frequently of his military a...

Discussion. Digital Nation

Students felt that computing class is less boring than original classes. Also, young students can learn what netiquette is. Another example was ‘Bubby cooks'. Through her story, I could find that humans culture can adopted into technical environment by social services such as twitter, Youth, and personal blobs. 2) Is customizing the message and targeting resources tailored around consumer preferences and habits a good thing? An efficient use of resources? Dealt nations customize each consumer because many business people try to close to consumers by virtual systems.Virtual systems are a kind of online space. Through the virtual systems, people can imagine their commercial goals and create new situations. Also, they can discover diverse unique situations such as crisis markets. For example, according to World Dairy Expo sass, â€Å"Technology has made deep inroads into the world of dairy farming, helping manage day-to-day chores and collecting and analyzing the large batches of data a herd of cattle generates daily' (Acrobat 42). It means that digital and technical life influences not only consumers but also many companies.The reason is that many companies can find products and services which have more benefits for their consumers. Also the consumers can satisfy their consumption and the companies, and they believe digital data that Is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial Information to humans' life. Although the data and Information sometimes give negative parts, the parts also become a kind of digital life where modern people lives in. Hill, Elizabeth. â€Å"Big Dairy Enters The Era of Big Data. † Bloomberg Businesslike 22October 2012: 41-42 print. Discussion. Digital Nation By alleviators 1) In today's technological immersion environment, do you think the good side of it Technological environment is very powerful and complicated to people. The reason is that some people think digital life giv es positive and good affections, but Digital nations customize each consumer because many business people try to data that is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial information to humans' life.

Economic globalization Essay

Economic origination(prenominal)ization has interchanged the opinion of unlawful offense and arbiter from being unique to bingle area to now knowing no boundaries. Terrorism is the most late(a) let go brought before the world and knows no boundaries. Is terrorist act a offensive activity that screams for justice? Or a declaration of contend? If we development up traditional meanings we cannot practice session the term put up of warfare because war is started by a situate and the terrorist acts of today are by half-size groups with depotamental ideas. The coup guide States has declared war on terror calling for justice after 911. The world was outraged and shocked. The terrorist attacks were think to destroy the rateation of western society.The events did not change the world order, that did change the world none the less. Technology that has friended note to go global also heighten sorry ne tworks to go global also. spherical law-breaking begs for globa l justice. The increase in global umbrage inevitably a global response. thither has been progress towards global law such as the world(prenominal) criminal tribune that began in the 1990s for Rwanda and The world-wide Criminal Courts, ICC, created in 1998 in Yugoslavia. These organizations created treaties that were recommended for use by the European Parliament (Delmar-Marty, 287). plainly the reluctance of the unify States to acknowledge a need for global justice has prevented the concept from developing to its fullest potential. How the U. S. defines terrorism conflicts with planetary reading material and this fact wont help to end global evil. International criminal law, on the other hand, would help in global crime. The creation of these global courts would countenance the independence and im lineamentiality of judges, for it recognizes that they repre move antithetic legal traditions, including that of Muslim states (Delmar-Marty, 291).The concept of crime or what is deemed a crime varies from market-gardening to culture, so that fact alone calls for an supranational court that can accomplish more than relying on each countries law for justice. In the article globose Crime Calls for Global Justice, the author suggests instead of using the word terrorism to decide criminalness the term crime against humanity should be used. Giving recognition of universal set that would ensure not only security measures measure of human rights but also self-regard of human beings around the globe (2002, 292).So when looking at 911 one should bowl over it a terrorist act, but instead as a crime against humanity. The global war on terrorism is constricting the execute of financial support to terror groups through with(predicate) Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. To circumvent these measures, transnational terrorist organizations are touching deeper into organized criminal activity. This transition poses a tremendous challenge to states assay with a pa nic that has changed significantly since homeember 11.As terror groups transform into hybrid criminal/terror entities and partner with criminal syndicates, the threat to the United States increasing every day. everywhere the past few years and more and more in recent months, leading learning and national security minds beget famed the growing threat created by the mutation and convergence of transnational organized crime and terrorist groups. While there is some count as to whether these groups are converging or transforming, it is clear that this growing threat is difficult and increasingly difficult to counter with exemplification law en pushment and military counter-measures.As the United States and other nations adjust to the post 911 world of stubborn conundrums such as the Iraqi insurgency, Afghanistan, and Al Qaeda, the nexus of organized crime and terrorism, especially between the tri-borders of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil could carry these challenges and lea d to further disruptions and threats to global security and prosperity. Impediments to wholesale cooperation between the two parties remain, but the merging of transnational organized crime and international terrorism in these countries is however on the rise (Sanderson, 2007).Global political economy has truly been the core of crime that is called terrorism. in that location has been a connection to terrorism and gold from oil. In an article by D. Ekman Kaplin he suggests one million million millions of dollars in oil silver goes to fund global terror and their networks. The article in U. S. News and World Report showed that I the 1980s Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabias jolly official charities became the primary source of keep for the jehad movement that spanned some 20 countries. The money was used to run paramilitary training camps, bargain weapons and recruit unexampled members.The charities the Saudis had started was in hopes of penetrate he ad their fundamentalists ideas globally. The money that was raised went to build hundreds of stand mosques, schools and Moslem centers that supported networks for the jihad movement. This is contempt the fact that the United States had knowledge of this since 1996. The U. S. entangle up that foreign terrorism outweighed fighting terrorism at that quantify. In 1998, when terrorist struck two U. S. Embassies in East Africa officials in the albumen House felt a advance picture of just how much money and where this money was coming from was needed.This was where the connection was found and it was shocking. The White House enlisted the help of the CIA to fare questions into the funding of Al Qaeda and of the leaders, Osama salt a instruction Ladens face-to-face finances. near of the money Al Qaeda had was a direct source of fundraising by Saudi Arabia. An ally to America and the worlds largest producers of oil. Many believed and probably still do today, that Osama hive away Ladens personal fortune and businesses in Sudan was the source of this funding.William Wechsler, conductor of the task force NSC (responsible for the investigation), stated that, Al Qaeda was a constant fundraising form (Kaplan, 18). U. S. officials did not introduce the Saudis about this fact until after Sept 11, 2001. In 25 years the Saudis take been the single great force in dissemination Islamic Fundamentalism. (20). The Saudis unregulated charities have funneled hundreds of millions of dollars to Al Qaeda cells and jihad groups globally. U. S. Ambassadors, CIA locate Chiefs and Cabinet secretaries were encouraged by Saudis using billions of dollars in contracts, grants and salaries, to shape a blind eye.When Washington refused to confront the Saudis on their part of the terrorists network. This was the failure point in sounding the alarm of the rising of the jihad movements globally and of the events of 911. The Saudis argued that their charities have done an enormous amount of trustworthy work and blames the problems on what they call deserter offices (22). Foreign advisor to the crown prince of Saudi Arabia promises that steps are being taken that will ensure that it never happens again. The vexation is that some of the Saudis charities vie more of a role in terrorist activities.These charities helped to make the more primitive jihadists and insurgents into a more sophisticated global movement. It seems that individuals that were spreading the Wahhabist doctrine, a doctrine held by the Saudi royal family, turned out to be the most radical of the believers in the holly wars. They poured bulky sums of money into the newly make Al Qaeda network. According to a 2002 state Al Qaeda and others jihadists received $ three hundred million and $500 million from Saudi Charities and backstage donors (Kaplan, 2003).To fund the mujahideen in Afghanistan. Washington and Riyadh helped with some $3. billion to aid in the fight with soviets. Bin Laden pe rsonally helped gain millions from clerics in the Muslim world to aid in this cause. The Saudi charities were able to operate in some of the hottest spots around the globe. There was no control on how the money was spent, U. S. officials said. The charities were perfect fronts organizations. They provided pencil eraser houses, false identities, travel documents and arms. All the organization were able to dispense large amounts of change with little or no documentation. The private foundations were not what Americans would call charities.At the time terrorism was not views as a threat and the link of Saudi Arabia with terrorism was not deem as big and kept on the back burner (Kaplan, 2003). In 1998 the CIA began an investigation in Chicago which led them to over $1. 2 million terrorist gained from a local chemical firm. The money had been sent t Hamas and the source of the money came from a Saudi charity. Saudis spread the money through-out Washington by the millions that helped t o buy friends and influences. One group, Carlyle Group in particular, make huge amounts of money dealings with the Saudis.Top advisors for the group included causality President George H. W. Bush, James Baker, his secretary of state and Frank Carlucci, former Secretary of Defense. Saudi investment in America was as much as $600 billion in U. S. banks and stock markets. In 1998 attacks on the U. S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania changed all of that. A Task force on terrorists finances was formed and in 1999 the charities were even closer tie in to the jihad movement. In June of 2003 Saudi officials in the end admitted something had gone very wrong and felt they were not at fault for their shortcomings on how funds from the charities were handled.But in 2003 a lawsuit was filed by the 900 members of families of the victims of 911 totaling over $1 trillion dollars and names Saudi princes, business community and charities that handled terrorist responsible for the 911 attacks. Refo rm for the Saudis society will be the last-ditch test (Halloran, 2006). Presidents Bushs military tribunal system is some other way of the U. S. is attempting to control crime and terrorism. The system is struggling with issues that range from questions that arise such as, what would toss out an individual as a combatant and are the same rules for war relevant to the war on terror (Waldman, 2006).The United States government has come to another problem with the war on terror. In recent years U. S. anti-terrorism units has been slowly decreasing the assets that were frozen(p) stating the effort to lack of urgency as the reason. President Bush disagrees and believes that in order to stop terrorism the flow of money must stop (Johnson, 2007). Since it is clear that terrorism is here for sometime and funding is a key force to keeping them active voice and needs to eliminated, it is still clear that international laws governing terror is still another key focus the globe needs to a ddress.